Immersion Cooling
Submerging servers in dielectric fluid for extreme density
Immersion cooling submerges servers in non-conductive dielectric fluid (single-phase or two-phase) to remove heat with no fans, enabling very high density and efficiency. Players include GRC, Submer, LiquidStack, and Iceotope; Microsoft and crypto/AI operators have piloted it at scale. Adoption trails direct-to-chip due to serviceability, fluid supply (PFAS-related two-phase fluid concerns), and retrofit friction, but it remains a key option for the densest AI deployments.
Types
Single-phase & two-phase dielectric
Players
GRC, Submer, LiquidStack, Iceotope
Friction
Serviceability + two-phase fluid/PFAS
How it fits the stack
Immersion Cooling with what it depends on (above) and what it feeds (below). The figure renders as a crawlable diagram and upgrades to an interactive 3D graph as it scrolls into view.
Immersion Cooling in the AI stack. Immersion Cooling with its immediate upstream dependencies (top) and downstream dependents (bottom) in the AI value chain. Hover a node in 3D, or read the full relationships below.
Graph data (text) — 4 entities, 3 relationships
- Immersion Cooling —used by→ Dielectric coolant fluids (fluorochemicals)
- Immersion Cooling —depends on→ Molybdenum & PFAS coolant fluids
- Immersion Cooling —competes with→ Liquid Cooling
Context — capital, rivals, policy · · 1