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Mixture of Experts

Mixture of Experts splits parts of a model into many smaller specialist networks and sends each token to only a few of them. The model holds a huge number of parameters but uses a fraction of them per token, which makes large models cheaper to run. Several leading open models use the design, and the 3D guide shows where it fits.

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How LLMs Work

Every stage a prompt passes through, modeled as an explorable 3D machine. 21 stages, a 21-step guided journey tracing one token from "The cat sat on the" to "mat", real parameter counts from GPT-3 to DeepSeek-V3, and the training story, pretraining, RLHF, and the reasoning-RL breakthrough.

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Mistral / Mixtral Explained: Sliding Window Attention, Sparse Mixture of Experts, Rolling Buffer video · Umar Jamil
Stanford CS336 Language Modeling from Scratch | Spring 2025 | Lecture 4: Mixture of experts video · Stanford Online
What is Mixture of Experts? video · IBM Technology
A Visual Guide to Mixture of Experts guide · Maarten Grootendorst
AI Research Papers in Jan 2024: Model Merging, Mixtures of Experts, Smaller LLMs post · Hacker News
DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model (multi-head latent attention) paper · arXiv
Mixture of experts (Wikipedia) guide · Wikipedia
Mixture of Experts explained guide · Hugging Face

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